Background: The use of electrocorticography (ECoG) to avoid intraoperative stimulation-induced seizure (ISS) during awake craniotomy is controversial. Although a standard direct cortical stimulating (DCS) protocol is used to identify the eloquent cortices and subcortical structures. ISS still occurs. Epilepsy is related to alterations in brain networks. https://www.markymarkscott.com/product-category/sugar-confection-working-spray/